The covenant people of God and the roots of salvation history
(Primary Scripture References: Gen 12:1–3; Ex 19:3–6; 1 Kgs 12:16–24; 2 Kgs 17:5–6; Ezr 1:5; Neh 2:17; Rom 9:4–5; CCC 839)
Biblical Identity and Primary References
In biblical times, the Jews were the descendants of the ancient Israelites, tracing their ancestry to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The name “Jew” originally referred to members of the tribe of Judah, but over time it came to identify those Israelites who remained faithful to the covenantal worship of the God of Israel, especially after the Babylonian exile. Scripture presents the Jews as the people chosen by God to receive His Law, promises, and revelation, through whom salvation history unfolds.
Historical and Cultural Background
The distinction between “Israelites” and “Jews” becomes clearer after the death of King Solomon, when the united kingdom divided into two. The northern kingdom, called Israel, consisted of ten tribes, while the southern kingdom, called Judah, was formed mainly by the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi. The Assyrian conquest of the northern kingdom in 722 BCE led to the dispersion of its population, remembered as the “lost tribes.” Judah, though later exiled to Babylon, preserved its identity and faith and eventually returned to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple and reestablish covenant life.
Detailed Biblical History (Identity Formation)
After the Babylonian exile, the term “Jew” became the primary designation for the covenant people who returned to the land and centered their life around Jerusalem and the Temple. This community included members of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi, as well as faithful individuals from other tribes who aligned themselves with Temple worship. Under leaders such as Ezra and Nehemiah, the Jews renewed their commitment to the Law of Moses, forming a strong religious identity shaped by Scripture, worship, and communal obedience to God.
References in Other Parts of the Bible
The Old Testament consistently affirms the Jews as God’s covenant people, entrusted with the Law and the prophets. The New Testament acknowledges this heritage explicitly. St. Paul emphasizes that the Jews possess the covenants, worship, promises, and patriarchs, and that the Messiah Himself comes from them according to the flesh. Jesus and the apostles live fully within this Jewish religious world.
Jewish Tradition and Understanding
Within Jewish tradition, identity is shaped by covenant, Torah, worship, and community. Faithfulness to God’s commandments and remembrance of God’s saving acts form the heart of Jewish religious life. This continuity preserves Jewish identity even in times of dispersion and suffering.
Catholic Interpretation and Teaching
The Catholic Church teaches that the Jewish people hold a unique and enduring place in God’s plan of salvation. They were the first to hear the Word of God, and their covenant has not been revoked. The Church recognizes the deep spiritual bond between Christians and Jews and calls for mutual respect, dialogue, and understanding (CCC 839).
Connection to Jesus Christ and Salvation History
Salvation history unfolds through the Jewish people and reaches fulfillment in Jesus Christ. He does not abolish the Law or the Prophets but fulfills them. Christianity is inseparable from its Jewish roots, and the New Covenant emerges from the promises given to Israel.
Typology and Fulfillment
The history of Israel prefigures the Church, and the covenant with the Jews prepares the way for the universal salvation offered in Christ. What was first entrusted to Israel is opened to all nations through the Gospel.
What Makes This People Unique
The Jews are unique in biblical history as the people chosen to receive divine revelation, the Law, and the promises of the Messiah. Through them, God reveals His will and prepares the world for redemption.
Strengths and Virtues
Faithfulness to covenant, reverence for Scripture, perseverance through suffering, and hope rooted in God’s promises characterize Jewish identity throughout biblical history.
Weaknesses, Failures, or Sins
Scripture honestly records moments of disobedience and failure, yet always emphasizes God’s enduring mercy and fidelity to His people.
Lessons for Christian Faith and Witness
Christians are called to honor the Jewish roots of their faith, reject all forms of antisemitism, and recognize God’s faithfulness across history. Understanding the Jews deepens appreciation of Scripture, liturgy, and salvation history.
Reflection
The history of the Jewish people reminds believers that God works patiently through time, covenant, and human freedom. Christians are invited to approach Jewish faith and history with humility, gratitude, and respect, recognizing the shared spiritual heritage that leads to Christ.
Prayer
God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, we thank You for the people through whom You revealed Your Word and promises. Grant us hearts of respect, understanding, and peace, that all who seek You may walk together toward the fulfillment of Your saving plan, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.