TRANSFIGURATION OF JESUS
The transfiguration of Jesus is a pivotal event documented in all three synoptic gospels and referenced in the second epistle of Peter (Mt 17:1-8; Mk 9:2-8; Lk 9:28-36; 2 Pet 1:16-18). Known as the metamorphosis in the Greek Orthodox Church, this event stands out because, unlike most of Jesus’ miracles performed to alleviate suffering, the transfiguration was a divine revelation of his glory. Recognizing its significance, Pope John Paul II included the transfiguration among the luminous mysteries of the rosary.
Witnesses of the Transfiguration
Jesus took Peter, James, and John up a high mountain to witness this extraordinary event (Mk 9:2). There, His appearance was transformed. His divine nature, usually veiled by His humanity, shone forth brilliantly. This glimpse of Jesus’ divine splendor provided a profound revelation to the apostles. Peter later wrote that Jesus “received honor and glory from God the Father” (2 Pet 1:17), highlighting the divine transformation that Luke describes as Jesus’ face changing in appearance and his clothing becoming dazzling white (Lk 9:29). Matthew emphasizes this transformation further: “His face shone like the sun, and his clothes became white as light” (Mt 17:2).
The transformation extended to Jesus’ garments, which became intensely white, surpassing any earthly bleach (Mk 9:3). The radiant glory emanated from within Him, transforming His ordinary attire into something stunningly bright.
Moses and Elijah Appear
Moses and Elijah appeared alongside Jesus, symbolizing the Law and the Prophets, respectively. They discussed Jesus’ forthcoming “exodus” that He was to accomplish in Jerusalem (Lk 9:31). This exodus represented Jesus’ departure through His sacrificial death, leading to the liberation from sin and the establishment of the Kingdom of God.
Luke specifies their discussion: “They spoke of his exodus that he was going to accomplish in Jerusalem” (Lk 9:31). The first exodus was from Egyptian slavery to Canaan, the Promised Land. The new exodus they discussed was the liberation from the bondage of Satan to the Kingdom of God, starting with the Church and ending in heaven at the second coming of Christ. Both exoduses were initiatives of God the Father. The first one was under the leadership of Moses and the second was under Jesus. That was also the fulfillment of the Law and the prophetic teachings. The exodus here literally means departure. It was the departure of Jesus from earthly life to heaven through his sacrifice on Calvary. That was a convincing answer to the objection of Peter to Jesus’ voluntary acceptance of his suffering and earthly failure. It is also an assurance for his followers that, when they depart from this life of suffering, they will also reach heaven because of the merit of his sacrifice and their sacrificial discipleship.
Transfiguration vs. Metamorphosis
Some might use the term “metamorphosis” to describe the event, but “transfiguration” is more appropriate within a Christian context. Metamorphosis often denotes a permanent change, such as a caterpillar becoming a butterfly. In contrast, transfiguration implies an elevation to a higher, more spiritual state. This aligns better with the temporary yet revealing transformation that Jesus underwent. The term “transfiguration,” used by Jerome in his translation of the Bible, reflects this spiritual exaltation. Though transfiguration also implies a change of form or appearance, it is to a higher or spiritual level. So, unlike degradation in metamorphosis, transfiguration is an exaltation or glorification. Jerome used transfiguration in his translation of the Bible. The word metamorphosis is of Greek origin and transfiguration is of Latin origin. That must be the reason for the Greek Church to use the term metamorphosis.
Transfiguration and Resurrection
Origen of Alexandria (185–253) viewed the transfiguration as a foretaste of Jesus’ resurrection glory. This interpretation, embraced by later Church Fathers, sees the transfiguration as a visual confirmation of Jesus’ divine nature, similar to the glory that would be fully revealed at His resurrection.
Mountain of Transfiguration
The exact location of the transfiguration is not specified in the gospels. Peter refers to it as “the holy mountain” (2 Pet 1:18), suggesting it was well-known among early Christians. Two primary locations are considered: Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon.
Mount Tabor
Mount Tabor, situated in Lower Galilee, is traditionally identified as the site of the transfiguration. Despite its relatively low elevation (600 meters), its prominence in the region and historical significance make it a strong candidate. Early Christian tradition, starting with Origen, identified Tabor as the site, a view supported by Church Fathers like Cyril of Jerusalem and Jerome. Pilgrimages and churches on Mount Tabor dating back to the fourth century further solidify this tradition.
Reasons supporting Mount Tabor include:
1. Its biblical significance and sacred history.
2. Proximity to Jesus’ ministry locations.
3. Accessibility due to its lower altitude.
4. Greater Jewish presence compared to the pagan-dominated Mount Hermon.
5. Long-standing Christian tradition and continued veneration.
Mount Hermon
Some modern scholars suggest Mount Hermon due to its proximity to Caesarea Philippi, where Jesus was prior to the transfiguration. However, arguments against this include the presence of pagan worship sites, its steepness, and the lack of early Christian tradition identifying it as the transfiguration site.
REFLECTION
The transfiguration of Jesus holds profound significance for Christians today. It reveals the divine glory of Christ and serves as a reminder of His ultimate victory over sin and death. The presence of Moses and Elijah confirms Jesus as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. For believers, this event encourages us to recognize Jesus’ divine authority and anticipate our own transformation through Him. As we journey through life’s challenges, the transfiguration offers hope and assurance of the glory that awaits us in the resurrection.
May we, like Peter, James, and John, be awed by the divine splendor of Christ, and may this vision inspire us to live lives worthy of the glory that God has promised to those who follow Him faithfully.